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Pedro M Teixeira

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Category Archives: Escrita científica

Discrepâncias entre resultados pré-especificados e reportados

15 Fri Feb 2019

Posted by Pedro M Teixeira in Class Content, Escrita científica, Must read, Research

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CONSORT, Trials

A mais recente publicação de Ben Goldacre é um estudo de coorte prospectivo que dá conta da real dimensão do problema das discrepâncias entre os outcomes pré-especifícados (antes do estudo) e os outcomes reportados (após o estudo) em 67 ensaios clínicos publicados num de cinco principais jornais científicos em saúde – New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet, Journal of the American Medical Association, British Medical Journal, and Annals of Internal Medicine.[1] O estudo considera ainda as tentativas de corrigir essas discrepâncias.[2] Todos estes jornais estão publicamente comprometidos com o CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials). Para ler, com preocupação, em duas partes:

1. COMPare: a prospective cohort study correcting and monitoring 58 misreported trials in real time

2. COMPare: Qualitative analysis of researchers’ responses to critical correspondence on a cohort of 58 misreported trials

 

Scientific Publications | Christmas Pearls

13 Thu Dec 2018

Posted by Pedro M Teixeira in Class Content, Escrita científica, Must read, Research

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Christmas Pearls, Fun Stuff

Several journals have developed a tradition of publishing slightly different papers in their December issues. These papers are intended to either make a provocative statement, making us reflect upon unusual topics, or provide unusual examples of scientific topics. I like to call them Christmas Pearls. This year my favorite Christmas Pearls:

  • by Reidar P. Lystad and Benjamin T. Brown in Injury Epidemiology 2018 5:44 – https://doi.org/10.1186/s40621-018-0174-7

“Death is certain, the time is not”: mortality and survival in Game of Thrones

Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with Cox proportional hazard regression modeling was used to quantify survival times and probabilities to identify independent predictors of mortality among ‘important characters’ (n = 330) appearing in Seasons 1 to 7 of Game of Thrones.

Although the statistics are quite sound and the data extensive some remarks are mandatory.

First, resuscitation bias was not considered (e.g. John snow). Neither were white walkers. Not clear what justifies the exclusion of these non-less important characters. From a mixed-methods perspective, white walkers could have participated in a focus group discussion of the results, for example.

Secondly, the effectiveness of wall policies for security purposes is clearly understated.

Finally, the authors conclude:

“There is great potential for preventing violent deaths in the world of Game of Thrones. Stable democratic governments, resilient institutions that deliver public goods, and implementation of evidence-based violence prevention policies can decrease the risk of violent deaths considerably“.

Given that winter is coming this is clearly an unrealistic and utopic worldview of Game of Thrones.

 

  • by Vikas N O’Reilly-Shah, Grant C Lynde and Craig S Jabaley in BMJ 2018; 363 – doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k5033

Is it time to start using the emoji in biomedical literature?

 

The lack of standardisation in emoji artwork that may cause ambiguity in interpretation is quite disturbing. Also, the emoji based alternatives to the denotation of statistical significance can’t really apprehend the need to consider the enunciation of the null hypothesis for adequate interpretation of P-values. The smiling-face-with-sunglasses_1f60e.png in a Kolmogorov-Smirnov to check distribution assumptions for parametric testing may be actually hiding

crying_emoji_small_classic_round_sticker-r4c998b077b254fe69908fa4ca57ce521_v9waf_8byvr_540.jpg.

table 01

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Research on self-treatment of “writer’s block” – a timeline critical appraisal

05 Fri Oct 2018

Posted by Pedro M Teixeira in Escrita científica, Must read, Opinião, Research

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Fun Stuff, methods

Research on the self-treatment of ‘Writer’s Block’ is vast and diversified. You might enjoy reading these articles, they are a fun and fast read. Please, do pay attention to the notes on them. My critical appraisal on the research about ‘Writter’s Block’ may be found at the end of this post.

1974 – the classical CASE REPORT by Dennis Upper:

  • Upper, Dennis (Fall 1974), “The unsuccessful self-treatment of a case of “writer’s block””, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 7 (3): 497, doi:10.1901/jaba.1974.7-497a PDF Here

1983 – a REPLICATION study is performed by Molloy:

  • Molloy, G. N. (1983). The unsuccessful self-treatment of a case of “writer’s block”: A replication. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 57(2), 566-566. PDF Here

1984 – a new REPLICATION, however it partially failed, by Hermann:

  • Hermann, B. P. (1984). Unsuccessful self-treatment of a case of “writer’s block”: a partial failure to replicate. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 58(2), 350-350. PDF Here

1984 – a first REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE on the topic. Still, it was a narrative literature review, we have to wait until 2014 for the first systematic review and meta-analysis

  • Olson, K. R. (1984). Unsuccessful Self-Treatment of “Writer’s Block”: A Review of the Literature. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 59(1), 158–158. doi:10.2466/pms.1984.59.1.158 PDF Here

1985 – a CLINICAL TRIAL by Skinner:

  • Skinner, N. F., Perlini, A. H., Fric, L., Werstine, E. P., & Calla, J. (1985). The Unsuccessful Group-Treatment of “Writer’s Block”. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 61(1), 298-298. PDF Here

1996 – a COHORT study by Skinner:

  • Skinner, N. F., & Perlini, A. H. (1996). The unsuccessful group treatment of “writer’s block”: a ten-year follow-up. Perceptual and motor skills, 82(1), 138-138. PDF Here

2007 – a MULTICENTER REPLICATION study, an attempt to address statistical power issues by Didden:

  • Didden, R., Sigafoos, J., O’Reilly, M. F., Lancioni, G. E., & Sturmey, P. (2007). A multisite cross‐cultural replication of upper’s (1974) unsuccessful self‐treatment of writer’s block. Journal of applied behavior analysis, 40(4), 773-773. PDF Here

2014 – an evidence synthesis in a META-ANALYSIS by McLean:

  • McLean, D. C., & Thomas, B. R. (2014). Unsuccessful treatments of “Writer’s Block”: a meta-analysis. Psychological reports, 115(1), 276-278. PDF Here
Captura de ecrã 2018-10-05, às 16.11.03

McLean, D. C., & Thomas, B. R. (2014). Unsuccessful treatments of “Writer’s Block”: a meta-analysis. Psychological reports, 115(1), 276-278

 

After systematic and iterative readings on the ‘Writer’s Block’ scientific literature my critical appraisal is

 

 


If you have updates on this topic, please let me know

Acknowlegements: to Professor Pedro Lopes dos Santos and Professor Isabel Menezes for sharing with me several ideas on “Writer’s Block” and useful literature about it. I would like to say to them tha

 

 

 

Abreviaturas em latim na escrita científica

13 Wed Sep 2017

Posted by Pedro M Teixeira in Class Content, Escrita científica

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Escrita científica, Latim, Tese

Os contornos actuais da escrita científica foram-se desenvolvendo ao longo do tempo

Philosophical Transactions

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Vol 1. 1665

(viz. a criação do primeiro jornal científico Philosophical Transactions em 1665). Os formatos de escrita científica mais usuais são o Artigo científico, o Livro e a Tese ou Dissertação.

Na tradição Europeia ‘Tese’ é usualmente associada a ‘ Mestrado’ ou a ‘Doutoramento’ enquanto que o termo ‘Dissertação’ tende a ser menos usado. Curiosamente, nos Estados Unidos o termo ‘Thesis’ (i.e Tese) é associado apenas ao grau de ‘Masters’ (i.e. Mestrado) enquanto o termo  ‘Dissertation’ (i.e. Dissertação) é o termo associado ao grau de ‘PhD’ (i.e. Doutoramento).

Várias expressões em latim permanecem na escrita científica, particularmente no seu uso abreviado (e.g. i.e., viz., vs.). Alguns destes termos são frequentemente usados de forma desadequada, particularmente na escrita de Teses/Dissertações. Aqui ficam algumas notas de termos abreviados em latim para autores e leitores de escrita científica:

‘i.e.’ é a abreviatura de id est e significa ‘ou seja‘, ou ‘por outras palavras‘. É utilizado quando se pretende apresentar uma definição de algo que acaba de ser mencionado.

‘e.g.’ é a abreviatura de exempli gratia e significa ‘por exemplo‘. É utilizado quando se pretende apresentar exemplo(s) de algo que acaba de ser mencionado.

‘viz.’ é a abreviatura de videlicet e significa ‘nomeadamente‘. É utilizado quando se pretende apresentar itens especificos de algo geral que acaba de ser mencionado.

‘vs.’ é a abreviatura de versus e significa ‘contra‘. É utilizado quando se pretende contrastar um aspecto contra outro.

‘N.B.’ é a abreviatura de nota bene e significa ‘note bem‘ ou ‘preste atenção‘. É utilizado quando se pretende chamar a atenção a determinado ponto.

‘et al.’ é a abreviatura de et alia e significa ‘e outros‘. É utilizado quando se pretende referir o trabalho de autoria em equipa.

‘cf.’ é a abreviatura de conferre e significa ‘comparar com‘. É utilizado quando se pretende comparar o que acaba de ser mencionado com um exemplo particular.

‘q.v.’ é a abreviatura de quod vide e significa ‘veja-se‘. É utilizado quando se pretende introduzir uma referência específica sobre algo.

‘etc.’ é a abreviatura de et cetera e significa ‘e assim por diante‘ ou ‘e outras coisas‘. É utilizado quando não se consegue identificar outras coisas ou ideias, mas ainda assim afirmar que elas existem (N.B. O seu uso não é muito recomendado).

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